翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Academia Sporting ・ Academia Venezolana de la Lengua ・ Academia.edu ・ Academic (disambiguation) ・ Academic acceleration ・ Academic achievement ・ Academic achievement among different groups in Germany ・ Academic administration ・ Academic advising ・ Academic All-America ・ Academic American Encyclopedia ・ Academic analytics ・ Academic and Research Center (Ohio University) ・ Academic art ・ Academic audit ・ Academic authorship ・ Academic Awards in Spain ・ Academic bias ・ Academic Bill of Rights ・ Academic Boniface Association ・ Academic boycott of South Africa ・ Academic boycotts of Israel ・ Academic capital ・ Academic careerism ・ Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research ・ Academic Centre ・ Academic certificate ・ Academic Challenge ・ Academic Chess ・ Academic Chronicle Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Academic authorship ： ウィキペディア英語版 Academic authorship Academic authorship of journal articles, books, and other original works is a means by which academics communicate the results of their scholarly work, establish priority for their discoveries, and build their reputation among their peers. Authorship is a primary basis that employers use to evaluate academic personnel for employment, promotion, and tenure. In academic publishing, authorship of a work is claimed by those making intellectual contributions to the completion of the research described in the work. In simple cases, a solitary scholar carries out a research project and writes the subsequent article or book. In many disciplines, however, collaboration is the norm and issues of authorship can be controversial. In these contexts, authorship can encompass activities other than writing the article; a researcher who comes up with an experimental design and analyzes the data may be considered an author, even if he had little role in composing the text describing the results. According to some standards, even writing the entire article would not constitute authorship unless the writer was also involved in at least one other phase of the project. ==Definition== Guidelines for assigning authorship vary between institutions and disciplines. They may be formally defined or simply cultural custom. Incorrect application of authorship rules occasionally leads to charges of academic misconduct and sanctions for the violator. A 2002 survey of a large sample of researchers who had received funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health revealed that 10% of respondents claimed to have inappropriately assigned authorship credit within the last three years. This was the first large scale survey concerning such issues. In other fields only limited or no empirical data is available. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Academic authorship」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.